Pipe Closed One End (Node–Antinode)

Overview

One end closed (node), one end open (antinode). Only ODD harmonics present: n = 1, 3, 5... Wavelength: λ_n = 4L/n (n odd). Frequency: f_n = nv/4L (n odd). The fundamental (n=1) has λ = 4L — the pipe fits one quarter of a wavelength. No even harmonics! This is why a clarinet (effectively closed at one end) sounds different from a flute.